International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Hart, Lawrence; Victor, Glory; Pepple, Godswill T.

ABSTRACT:Widespread climate change condition and increasing urban development, which accounts for rainfallinduced flooding in urban locations among other hazards, is a major concern for societies in recent times. This is further compounded with the neglect of critical environmental model indicators such as runoff coefficients in planning for management of urban flooding. It is therefore prudent that such a natural hazard is addressed in a way to reduce the impact it causes on people and the environment. Although the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) among other government agencies predicted the occurrence of urban flooding with the attendant distortion in urban flood plains, relevant spatial information and runoff coefficients pertaining the extent of the area was not provided. This study is an attempt to demonstrate the contribution of runoff coefficient of the various geospatial catchment basins in the Greater Port Harcourt Development Area in assessing the urban floods and development imperatives. Geomatics method was used to evaluate the flood-hazard vulnerability areas in terms of terrain characteristics and runoff coefficient. The runoff coefficient of each segment based on their runoff characteristics in addition of each basin were used to compute the percentage runoff for each of the catchment basin. The factors investigated ranges from geospatial terrain model and elevation model of the Greater Port Harcourt City Area, the existing land use/land cover and closeness of creeks and rivers for slope determination.The profile data and area of the various catchment basins needed for the design of the canal was determined.The result shows the criticality of urban development process within the purview of land use classification with an area of 1,161.593 hectares. The summation of individual RC for each of the land-use in the study area is 0.544. In summary, only 23.98% of the water in the entire catchment will result into runoff.

Keyword:Flooding, runoff coefficient, catchment basin, terrain model, geospatial, urban

M. Mammeri

ABSTRACT:In the theoretical research of chaotic dynamical system, the different type of bifurcations is a very interesting powerful tool for analyzing the qualitative behavior of chaotic dynamical system, this short paper deals with the existence of symmetric chaotic attractors and some different type of bifurcations such as symmetry bifurcation, flip bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation and symmetry breaking bifurcation of a simple two-dimensional symmetry discrete chaotic map of the plane with cubic non-linearity. The dynamical behaviors of the map are investigated by mathematical analysis and simulated numerically using package of Matlab. We compute numerically the bifurcation diagram and largest Lyapunov exponent and phase portraits. The research results indicate that there are interesting nonlinear physical phenomena in this simple two-dimensional symmetry discrete cubic map of the plane, such as symmetry bifurcation, flip bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, symmetry breaking bifurcation, and symmetric attractors. The important non-linear physical phenomena obtained in this paper would benefit the study of the cubic chaotic map and the development of the theory of chaotic discrete dynamical systems.

Keyword:Two-dimensional symmetry cubic map, flip bifurcation, symmetry-breaking bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, symmetric attractors.

Deswani, Rita I. Yuli M

ABSTRACT:Pregnant women are a group that are susceptible to infection with COVID-19, they have the right to get good quality of care before, during and after giving birth. Anxiety might occur during pregnancy, like confusion about where is giving birth for fear of contracting the Corona virus and PCR examinations that must be done before childbirth. Therefore this study aims to determine the factors associated with the decision to choose the place of delivery for patients during the New Normal COVID-19 period. The research method used a cross sectional design. Respondents of this study were pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria in the area of Puskesmas, Cipayung Village, LubangBuaya and PondokRangon, East Jakarta, August - September 2020. The number of respondents was 112 pregnant women with simple random sampling technique. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The questionnaire was given online using the job form. analysis using univariate analysis, chi square and multivariate linear regression. The results of the analysis show that the mother's education level, employment status and husband's support are proven to influence the mother's decision in choosing a health facility for safe delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic with p = value <0.005. The most dominant factor influencing the mother's decision was the husband's support with p-value: 0.005.

Keyword:Covid-19, pregnant women and place of delivery

Alhaji Mustapha Javombo

ABSTRACT:The study investigates the role of conceptual organization in the classification of objects into basic levels, ordinate and superordinate categories. The aim of the study is to examine the manner in which similar and diverse cognitive mechanisms are being applied especially, by young children and infants in their effort to recognize the variations that can be observed in object categorization. The method used in carrying out the research involved content analysis and review of journal articles from diverse and interrelated disciplines across a vast range of research on conceptual organization. The study shows that the similarities and differences found among young children as well as infant’s cognition indicate aspiring views over the way objects are perceived and categorized. Object categorization across cultures is a cognitive process and are usually based on diversity in knowledge of the issues under investigation. Knowledge about one object can also lead to learning about other entities that might fall under the same or similar category. The study concludes that language acquisition therefore, plays an important role in directing young children and infant’s initial cognitive ability for object categorization

Keyword:Conceptual Organization, Object Categorization, Young Children, Infants, Cognition

ZIRHUMANA KASHOLYA Salongo

ABSTRACT: Objective: to contribute to the use of Family Planning in the Kaziba Health Zone. Material and methods: the descriptive method supported by data collection techniques such as interview, documentary analysis, survey questionnaire, free observation, sampling, free observation, sample of this Since the work is simple random, the sample size of this work was determined by the formula of Mr. SCHWARNT and the chi-square at the threshold of 0.05 served us as a statistical verification test for our hypotheses. We processed the data using the Epi ‒Info software version 3.5.2. Indeed, after the data analysis, the statistical verification of the results and the discussions. Results: Regarding socio-cultural problems, disadvantaging FP in the ZS kaziba, for the case of illiteracy 16% had no level of education and 17% had primary level, ignorance is proven, 19% ignore the At the time of fertility, 31% know nothing more and 23% or side effects related to contraceptive methods, 92% do not know these methods and 17% it is against culture. Also 30% have never been sensitized and 54% have a height greater than 8 people per household with 1 year of inter-reproductive space to 56% with 23% practicing cohabitation. To do this, 49% of respondents were Catholics, 48% Protestants, 3% Muslims and therefore at 22% religion is one of the factor influencing unwanted births proving that these methods are 43% against the word of God and 33% are criminal. Regarding the factors justifying the non-use of family planning methods, in ZS KAZIBA, there is the excessive desire to give birth to many children at 43%, the reduction in sexual pleasure at 18% and at 43%. the often irreparable side effects associated with these contraceptive methods. As for the level of involvement of the man in the FP process in the ZS Kaziba, he is 54% unfavorable to the use of these methods and 44% refuses his wife to use them because 50% want a lot. of children, at 20% he specifies that these methods are prohibited by the Church (by God) and more by custom following their side effects. Conclusion: To achieve our objectives, we used the descriptive method supported by data collection techniques such as interview, documentary analysis, survey questionnaire, free observation, sampling, observation free, the sample of this work being simple random, the sample size of this work was determined by Mr. SCHWARNT's formula and the chi-square served as a statistical verification test for our hypotheses. Indeed, after the data analysis, the statistical verification of the results and the discussions. Our assumptions being all affirmed, our study led to the results.

Keyword: the issue, Family Planning, Kaziba Health Zone.

ZIRHUMANA KASHOLYA Salongo

ABSTRACT: After having properly presented the results obtained in the field, we will move on to discussing the results of our study. This table shows us that the male sex at 52.7% takes precedence followed by the female sex with 47.3%. who won are between the age group of 36 to 45 years old with 32.3% followed by the age group between 26 to 35 years old, the level of study that takes precedence is the primary level with 32.5 % followed by the secondary level with 30%, the profession which takes precedence is traders with 50% followed by unemployed with 18.8%. The respondents answered 100% that they know the importance of public bins, the design of devices for the management of waste by the population takes precedence with 62.5% followed by the protection of the population who use the bins with 55% , the installation in 2021 by the political and sanitary authorities premium with 50% followed by the year 2019 with 30.6%, the absence of bins the place where households throw waste on the public voice premium with 50% followed by the plots of neighbors. It is civil society that takes precedence by mobilizing the polico - sanitary authorities and households to have public bins with 32.4% followed by the ADVs with 32%, it is the initiative which is accepted by the population at 50 % and refuse by the population which won with 95% followed by the free participation at 50% there are sanctions for my households which refuse to the membership to have public pubellses at 62.5% and acceptance at 34.474 %. Unsanitary conditions are caused by the lack of public bins with 69% followed by household waste at 41%, the consequences of unsanitary conditions are caused by poor waste management by the population with 37.5% and diseases with37, 5% followed by floods with 18.75%, the respondents who affirmed that the non-involvement of the State in this matter may cause the absence of public bins with 52.7% followed by non-acceptance of the State in the matter. waste management with 47.3%.

Keyword:The impact of household waste management, on the environment, by households and in the commune of Kadutu.

Prof. S.W.G.K.Bulankulama

ABSTRACT: The country doesn’t have sufficient buffers to face the health crisis due to high public debt and large twin deficits. The pandemic risks weakening macroeconomic fundamentals further and impairing long-term growth and poverty reduction. Increasing public sector, current account deficits, public debt coupled with the shortage of external financing raise the risk of exchange rate depreciation and inflationary pressures. Fiscal pressures will increase due to Covid-19 expenditure and all the outflows have to be manage with USD 2 billion in 2021.

Keyword:Health Crisis, Covid 19, Sri Lankan Economy

Ndung'u Wangui

ABSTRACT: Currently, the use of dexamethasone in treatment of Covid-19 pandemic have become more intenseincluding patients of reproductive age and pregnant mothers.Dexamethasone is also commonly usedduring pregnancy as a fetal lung enhancer, correcting congenital malformation such an adrenal hyperplasiaas well as treatment of various maternal diseasesduring fetal development.Continueduse of this drug will continue to pose a risk to inducing injurious effects to the developing fetal organs. The objective of this studywas todeterminingthe maternal dexamethasone use and risk of birth defects and preterm births in rats.Pregnant ratswere given varied doses of oral dexamethasone during the first, second and third trimester. Daily maternal weight and food intake were recorded. The rats were sacrificedon day 20th day of gestation.A total of 158 fetuses were found to have congenital malformations whose occurrence was more pronounced in the first and second trimesters in all the dexamethasone treated groups. However, most of this malformation were majorly observed in the High dose dexamethasone groups (HDG) followed by the medium (MDG) and the low dose dexamethasone (LDG) treated groups respectively Conclusion: Prenatal administration of dexamethasone impaired fetal embryogenesis which is dependent on gestation period and amount of drug ingested. Dexamethasone when given had negative effects on the fetal organs such as a kidney, bones, placental weight, brain, organs.

Keyword: glucorticoids, dexamethasone, congenital anomalies

Ann Mwangi 1, Joseph Kweri 2, Caroline Ndung'u 3

ABSTRACT: The in-utero exposure to carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant medicine has been shown to perturb the normal morphogenesis of the fetal brain when used in management of maternal conditions. However, the anatomical histomomphological teratogenic effect on the ventricular system when exposed at different gestation periods and at different doses is not well elucidated. The broad objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the histomomphological teratogenic effects of exposure to various doses of carbamazepine on the ventricular system when exposed at different gestation periods. In conducting the study, a static group experimental study design was adopted. The animal experimentation wascarried out at Small Animal Facility for Research and Innovation (SAFARI) animal housewhiletissue processing for histology and stereological analysis was done in the department of human anatomy. A Sample size of 30 albino rat dams (Rattus norvegicus) weighing between 200-250grams were used in the study as determined by use of the resource equation method. These 30 Albino rats were divided into two broad study groups of 3 rats control and 27 rats experimental. To evaluate the teratogenic histological effects of carbamazepine on differing doses, the 27 rats in the experimental group were further subdivided into three study groups of 9 rats as follows; (i) Low carbamazepine group[LCG-20.7mg/kg/bw] (ii) medium carbamazepine [MCG72.3mg/kg/bw], (iii) High carbamazepine group[HCG-124mg/kg/bw].To further evaluate the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine on differing gestation periods, the 9 rats in each of the three dose categories were further subdivided into three groups of 3 rats according to trimesters as follows; (i) Trimester I-(3rats); (ii) trimester II-(3rats) and (iii) trimester III-(3rats) respectively. The findings of the study showed that there was dilatation of ventricular system as well as disaggregation of choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle of the fetal brain. In conclusion, carbamazepine is teratogenic to the developing fetal brains and its teratogenicity is time and dose dependent. The study recommends that carbamazepine should not be used during pregnancy and particularly during 1st and 2nd trimesters.

Keyword: Carbamazepine, Anticonvulsant, Teratogenic, Histomorphology, Corpus callosum

Willem Francois Esterhuyse

ABSTRACT: We show how to use Logical Structures (of ref. [1]) in a variety of settings. It is of use in mathematics to show explicit formal reasoning and especially important in detective work and arguing in a court of law. It is also useful to express knowledge so that someone else can check the correctness of the Structures before and after executing any operators. It is also useful in solving logical puzzles (for pleasure or as a test of mental competence). What we need to do is to fix our thinking to a commonly agreed on symbolisation (words and letters are not clear, precise, varied and focused enough). In some cases there are no “correct” ways to symbolise so these are treated on a first come first serve basis. Logical Structures are graphs with singly or doubly labelled vertices and labelled (by symbols) edges. The levels of reasoning are of special importance and are made explicit. They are of great help in reasoning correctly. We prove AND introduction, and other "axioms" of propositional logic using properties of Attractors and Stoppers. Other axioms of propositional logic can also be proved. We note that all the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory can be expressed entirely in symbols of Structural Logic.

Keyword: Structural Logic, Knowledge, Structured Information

Caroline Wangui 1, Nyaribo Cyprian Mose 2

ABSTRACT: The normal morphogenesis of maternal body weightis disrupted by the prenatal exposure to dexamethasone when used during pregnancyto treats both maternal and fetal diseases. Pregnant albino rats were used in this study. The albino rats were into control group and the experimental group. Each experimental group was further subdivided to high, medium and low group. Pregnant albino rats were given oral dexamethasone which varied from LDG 0.5 mg/kg/d, MDG.2.5 mg/kg/d, HDG 4 mg/kg/d during their first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. Control rats received food and water at ad libitum. Daily maternal weight and food intake were recordedAll the rats were sacrificed on day 20th day of gestation. High doses of dexamethasone lead to massive loss of weight especially during the first trimester.Maternal weight gainis negatively impaired by chronic and high doses of glucorticoids.

Keyword: glucorticoids, dexamethasone, maternal weight

Alhaji Mustapha Javombo

ABSTRACT: This work examines ‘‘Can We Live Together? Equality and Difference by Alain Touraine (2000) and ‘‘Rise of the Network Society by Manuel Castells (2000). The work discusses the role of Touraine’s sociological ‘Subject’ in Castells’ network society and the challenges posed by globalization. The aim of the study is to discuss the obstacles posed by globalization to a peaceful and coexistent society endowed with its fully recognized universal rights that guarantees the participation of individuals in public life. The work investigates contemporary socioeconomic, cultural and political change brought forward by globalization, information and communication technology. Alain Touraine’s sociological ‘Subject’ as the actor and corrector of the ills of our current society and the differences that has been brought about by the proliferation of global networks in the network society and the equalities that are non-existent in our present society are being discussed. The study concludes that the ‘Subject’ as formulated by Touraine is a mechanism to engineer the process of reorienting the network society by Castells and a sort of resistance to the manipulating tendencies of globalization. A way of bringing peace back to the family by reconciling the symbolic and instrumental worlds that has been long gone their separate ways.

Keyword: The Subject, Network Society, Globalization, Information and Communication Technology, Social Movement.

OLIVER P. PONSADES* & DR. EUGENIO S. GUHAO JR.

ABSTRACT: The study attempted to investigate the mediating effect of organizational commitment and organizational climate on the relationship between principal leadership and work well-being of Region XI. Using stratified cluster sampling, 400 Senior High School teachers were selected and considered the respondents of the study. Utilizingthe descriptive-correlational survey methods, the data collated were analyzed using Mean, Product-Moment correlation, and Path Analysis. Results reveal a significant regression between principal leadership and work well-being, principal leadership and organizational commitment, principal leadership and organizational climate, organizational commitment, and work well-being, and organizational climate and work well-being. The study proved that the relationship between principal leadership and work well-being is partially mediated by organizational commitment and organizational climate. It is recommended that future research will be conducted to identify other factors that mediate the relationship between principal leadership and work well-being.

Keyword: principal leadership, organizational commitment, organizational climate, work well-being, Philippines

Avhapfani Musie, Zeleke Worku and Mammo Muchie

ABSTRACT: Several studies examined the experiences of healthcare staff. An understanding of experiences of consumers of healthcare services, which is the focus of this paper, is equally vital since a customer experience is a critical aspect of relationship marketing. This paper focuses on the experiences of MDR-TB patients in public health institutions in Mpumalanga. Based on an understanding of the experiences of such a cohort, it raises insights to management, government and policy-makers about how to deliver patient-centred healthcare services and enhance relationships with consumers of healthcare services. Using an instrument comprising 40 closed items, data were collected from 400 MDR-TB patients as participants. The convenience sampling technique was used. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis involving Varimax rotation were performed. The results show that five dimensions constituting a patient-centred care framework for MDR-TB patients. These are coordination and integration, spirituality, involvement of friends and relatives, environmental care, and continuity of care. We conclude that the five dimensions are adequate to construct a patient-centred care framework for MDR-TB patients in public health institutions in Mpumalanga. Based on the results and conclusions, a few recommendations and areas of further research are proposed.

Keyword: Mpumalanga Province, Tuberculosis, Integrated health care services, Factor analysis

Avhapfani Musie, Zeleke Worku and Mammo Muchie

ABSTRACT: Documenting the experiences of customers has always been important for contributing to the value of the organisation and the creation and maintenance of satisfied customers. The aim of this research was to determine the experiences of MDR-TB patients and develop model and a framework that guide the provision of patientcentred care for MDR-TB patients. Quantitative data were collected from 256 MDR-TB patients in public hospitals in Mpumalanga province. Factor analysis was performed and yielded 5 factors namely coordination and integration, involvement of friends and relatives, spirituality, environmental care, and continuity of care as significant factors that account for a patient-centred care framework for MDR-TB patients. The factors were subjected to logistical regression. The research concludes that management of public health-care institutions, policy-makers, and government have critical role to play because there is dissatisfaction with the current levels of patient-care being delivered. Moreover, it concludes that the 5 dimensions of patient-centred care require special attention if management of public health-care institutions in Mpumalanga province were to focus on differentiating themselves in terms of how they continuously provide and manage patient-centred health-care services. The dimensions were ranked in terms of their strength in predicting the patient-centred care standards MDR-TB patients require. Coordination and integration is the most significant predictor followed by spirituality, and involvement of friends and family respectively. Environmental care and continuity of care were found having equal strength. In spite the order, all dimensions require special attention. It is recommended that management and government must be proactive about the provision and management of patient-centred care in public health-care institutions. They must exhibit support for patient-centred care by making sure that the required resources are available. Of importance is the need to consider the role of religion and the involvement of friends and family members. The study offers directions for future research.

Keyword: Customer experience; MDR-TB patients; Patient-centred health care services, ordered logistic regression analysis

G. A. Sanka Jayampathi and Sudath Weerasiri

ABSTRACT: The key component in this concept paper is to review brand citizenship factors relates to employee brand commitment. Special attention is paid to matters about the non-banking financial services sector in Sri Lanka. In today’s contest all industries including leasing to survive and to beat in a competitive scenario, organizations have to understand the importance of human factors that are more inclined to reconsider their relationship with the financial organizations. Organizations sustain their competitive advantage through differentiation strategy and cost leadership. Employee’s brand behaviour would be the best practice for brand differentiation. Inline within, scholars appreciate the concept of Brand Citizenship Behavior (BCB) as one of the theoretical contents that addressees employee brand commitment. Most organizations are to maintain a balance standpoint in brand citizenship management which highlights both external and internal brand management.Sri Lanka is also a noted context whereas financial services apply such strategies to improve the employee brand-related behaviours such as brand commitment. But organizations in the financial leasing sector still faces intensive issues for employee retention due to revelry competition among the parallel players and the competitors. This paper reviews how theoretical and empirical contributions address employee brand commitment whilst special attention is made tothe non-banking financial services sector in Sri Lanka. Alongside, authors used a deductive approach so doing paper associated academic works and industry-related publications to support arguments and discussions. A summarized discussion was made whilst key insights are concluded with future research suggestions.

Keyword: Brand Citizenship Behavior; Non-Banking Financial Services Sector, employee brand commitment, Sri Lanka

Suharda P. Ranasinghe 1, RavindraL.W. Koggalage 2

ABSTRACT: Use of Information system (IS) in the construction sector is still in its development stage, especially in the context of the Sri Lankan construction industry. With the outbreak of the pandemic in the year 2020 and with the travel restrictions that have been imposed in Sri Lanka, the need for managing construction projects by using information systems have been greatly identified. This study provides a review of the use of IS in the construction sector, especially during the project planning stage. Finally, an analysis that includes framework related to the use of IS in the project planning stage as well as the application of IS and its importance in the construction sector is provided. Proposed framework can be used during situations particularly with travel restrictions imposed due to various reasons such as COVID-19 outbreak.

Keyword: Information systems, Construction industry, COVID-19.

Dr. Tajali Nazir Shora 1, Ms. Joziea Farooq 1, Mr. Ummer Farooq 2

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemichas affected not onlyphysical health but also every component of health by affecting the lifestyle, income, business and even the education system worldwide as a result of measures being taken for its prevention. Online learning is a virtual learning system which integrates internet connection with teaching and learning process that can be carried out from the distance with the help of internet and online media. ACross Sectional Descriptive Study with Sample size of 110 students (30 B.Sc. Nursing and 80 B.sc Paramedical students) was carried out at College of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, Government Medical College, Anantnag, Kashmir. The objective of the study was to assess the perception of nursing and Paramedical students towards Online classes during the lock down.The study found that more than half of the students (54.1%) had negative perception towards online classes. In this study, majority of the of students 92 (85.2%) agreed that the Traditional Classroom learning is easy and preferred mode of learning. About 95 (87.96%) of the respondents agreed that the learning is the same in class and at home on the Internet. About 98 (90.7%) disagreed that the face-to-face contact with teacher is hindered in Online teaching. Almost all of the respondents 101 (93.5%) agreed that there is lack of Practical skills as there is no practical classes in on-line mode. About 80 (74.1%) of the respondents agreed that sometimes the student only attends the class for attendance purpose.About 93 (86.1%) of the respondents agreed that the online classes are only useful if the internet connection is continued in Kashmirand about 93 (86.1%) of the respondents agreed that there is missing of classes over days to students residing in areas where internet service is snatched because of encounter problems.Majority 97 (89.8%) of the respondents agreed that there is lack of concentration as the learners are away from direct contact of teacher and about 94 (87.04%) of the respondents agreed that there is a lack of face to face interaction during the lectures.This study also revealed that all of the respondents (100%) used mobile gadget for their e-learning. This study highlights that nearly all of the respondents (97.2%) were using cellular data and around 2.8% of the respondents were using Wi-Fi for attending the class.

Keyword: Covid-19 Pandemic, Perception, virtual learning.

*Onyeocha, N.C., Okeke, O.C., Obioha, Y.E., Ikoro, D.O., and Amadi, C.C.

ABSTRACT: Sandstones from Nsukka and Ameki Formations are crushed and used for construction purposes without any qualitative and quantitative backing of their strength and durability characteristics.This research is aimed at to study the petrography and assess the quality of crushed sandstones fromNsukka and Ameki Formations found in the Southeastern part of Nigeria in relation to their use as highway pavement aggregates. Sandstone samples were collected from the two locations and taken to lab for physico-mechanical tests to know the strength and durability characteristics and also thin sections were produced for the petrographic studies.Samples collected from IhubeOkigwe area (Nsukka Formation) and Ikperejere (Amaeki Formation) are bothdarkish in color and have angular and sub angular to sub rounded quartz, monocrystalline quartz and opaque minerals. These two samples are ferruginisedbecause of the presence of iron oxide (hematite) as their cementing minerals. Physico-mechanical tests carried to study the strength and durability characteristics of the samples, shows that sandstone fromAmaeki Formationand Nsukka Formationhave Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) of 24.4% and 25.2% respectively, these values are within the acceptable limit of 30% maximum. The Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV) fors and stone sample from Nsukka Formationis 42.96% while that of the sandstone sample from Ameki Formation is 49.78%. These two values are above the standard limit of 40% maximum. The Aggregate Impact value ofNsukka Formation and Ameki Formation are 31.40% and 39.20% respectively. This study also found that WaterAbsorption (WA) and Specific Gravity (SG) values of the samples from Nsukka Formation are 0.8% and 2.94 and Ameki Formation are 3.30% and 3.02 respectively. From the values obtained in the laboratory analysis of the strength and durability characteristics, the studied sandstone samples are not suitable to be used as highway pavementaggregates because of their failure to meet the strength durability acceptable limits/standard and the poor framework of the grains which has generally lose and floating grains.

Keyword: Sandstones, Highway pavement, aggregate, petrography, physico-mechanical.

Dr. Eman Faiez Maher Bassily 1 , Dr. Tamer Refaat 2

ABSTRACT: The Oasis Spontaneous Architecture (OSA)of desert societies has many features and characteristics, whether at the local or Arab level, and it was distinguished by using the simplest natural environmental raw materials, and it also contributed to highlighting the architectural elements which resulted from the human interaction with the surrounding natural elements. And he expressed them in the form of treatments that summarize his thought and believes towards overcoming the nature's forces to achieve the protection from severe weather factors. So that, the study of OSA is must to know the possibilities of the surrounding environment, climatic characteristics and the habits of the community of the desert areas. The study comes in an attempt to get out of a strategic framework to deal with the OSA, within the concept of preserving the structure of heritage architecture and urbanism, as dealing with these desert communities as a living fabric includes a society in which they live, and an economy based on it alongside urbanism, with its heritage values which is the property of future generations and in order to preserve its special character, the features and characteristics of the desert community and its existing activity aspects must be preserved. The research deals with the design elements and considerations of OSA and its impact on the natural environment in the “Bawiti Low” in the Bahariya Oasis, to come up with the foundations and standards of planning mechanisms to protect desert communities.

Keyword: The Spontaneous Architecture, Desert Societies, Oasis, Planning Mechanisms

Ahmad Sinala 1, Made Antara 2, Muhammad Nur Ali 2, and Hasan Muhamad 2

ABSTRACT: This study aims to identify the work ethic of the Balinese people towards capital control in Sausu village, Sausu sub-district, Parigi Mautong district. The study was designed qualitatively with an inductive approach. The informants were five people selected using the snowball sampling technique. Data were collected by observation, indepth interviews, and document studies. The study found that the work ethic of the Balinese towards capital control in Sausu Peore Village, Sausu Sub-district, Parigi Mautong District was influenced by two aspects of future orientation and respect for working time, strong responsibility, and fair competition.

Keyword: Balinese ethnicity, work ethic, capital control

Mustainah 1, Richard Fernandes Labiro 2

ABSTRACT: This study aims to identify the concepts and approaches used by the Regional Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD) in Sigi District in developing a Disaster Mitigation as this district severely suffered from natural disasters on September 28, 2018. The disasters covered floods and landslides. After these incidents, there were 4 follow-up minor floods and landslides that disrupted traffic flows. This current research focuses on proactive disaster management of the Regional Agency for Disaster Management in this district. Proactive management prepares mitigation and other efforts to prevent victims and losses. This study used a qualitative method and purposive sampling technique. It used both primary data and secondary data. The informant was from the Regional Agency for Disaster Management of Sigi District including the Preparedness Sector and Disaster Alert Community Forums in Villages. This study found that the Regional Agency for Disaster Management has not fully implemented the proactive disaster management approach as evidenced by the implementation of field programs. However, the community assisted by NGOs have shown proactive attitudes through the community's empirical experience and local wisdom.

Keyword: flood, natural disaster, SigiDistrict, landslide, proactive management

Ahmed Osman Warfa & Robert Bellamino Machyo

ABSTRACT: This study offers a distinctive perspective based on the concepts of Brazilian academic Paulo Freire. Freire was one of the most important educators of the twentieth century. Teaching and learning are non-neutral, political, and ethical processes, according to Freire; they must be viewed as part of a larger picture.

Keyword: Neoliberalism, Praxis, Difference, Problematization, Marketization, Ontological, Epistemological, Ethical and Political

Arowosegbe, Christianah Kehinde and Olajide, Olufunmilayo A.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the influence of parenting styles and religiosity on undergraduate attitude towards drug use/ abuse. The independent variables were parenting styles and religiosity while the dependent variable is attitude towards drug use/abuse; a survey research using expo-facto study was utilized in this study. The study was carried among undergraduate of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. A total number of Two hundred participants were used. The respondent/ participant were selected randomly; they were given questionnaire that consists of four sections. section A comprises of the demographic data of the participants, section B measures attitude towards drug use using Drug Attitudes Scale (DAS), section C measures religiosity using the Santa Clara Strength of Religiosity faith questionnaire (SCSORF) and section D measures parenting styles using the Parental Care Scale (PCS) Six hypotheses were tested using appropriate statistics. The result of the research revealed authoritarian parenting style have independent influence on undergraduate attitude towards drug abuse/use (t = 2.596< .05), parenting styles jointly have significant influence on undergraduate attitude towards drug use (F (3,196) = 3.77p<.05) and religiosity does not have significant influence on attitude towards drug use (F (21,178) = .974 p> .05). Findings were discussed according to literature and theories while recommendations were suggested. It was recommended to social scientist that they should bring up seminar to teach undergraduate the adverse effect of drug abuse. It was concluded in this study that it was only Authoritarian parenting styles that has influence on undergraduate attitude towards drug abuse/use.

Keyword: Parenting Styles, Religiosity and Attitude towards Drug Abuse

Roslinawati

ABSTRACT: Poverty is common among fishermen. This poverty is caused by many factors, including the absence of empowerment or inappropriate empowerment. This study aims to identify the empowerment of the fishing community in Bambalamotu sub-district, Pasangkayu district, West Sulawesi province. The population of this study was groups of fishermen and the sample was the fishermen in each group determined using the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis covered data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the empowerment of the fishing community had not been carried out in accordance with the fishermen’s wish in which the stakeholders did not provide training causing the low knowledge of fishermen. The stakeholders only focused on providing fishing facilities such as boats and fishing gear without considering the fishermen’s low skill in the management of catches. Thus, fishermen's economy gets worse and the poverty level becomes higher

Keyword: poverty, fishermen, empowerment

Yoberth Kornelius, Syahir Natsir, Bakri Hasanuddin, Sudirman

ABSTRACT: This study aims to identify organizational learning in the Regional General Hospital (RSUD) of Central Sulawesi Province. This study used quantitative methods. The population of this study was all health workers in general hospitals of Central Sulawesi Province (Undata Palu Hospital and Anuntaloko Parigi Hospital) with a total of 1,478 people. It used the Slovin formula to draw the sample to get a total of 265 sample sizes. The sample was selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by direct observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the dimension that had the highest cumulative mean value was knowledge transfer and integration, while the dimension with the lowest mean value was the system perspective. It means that the activities of the regional general hospital of Central Sulawesi Province have not been oriented to the existing system as health workers have a less clear view of the purpose of the hospital. Meanwhile, on the dimension of knowledge transfer and integration, health workers showed that they always work together and learn as a team.

Keyword: organization, organizational learning, hospital, government

Sulaiman A Olagboye 1*. and Blessing J Bamisaye 2

ABSTRACT: Glycine and tyrosine was used as a mixed ligand with transition metals in water methanol medium to form some complexes which was synthesized by direct mixing method and characterized by some physical properties such as percentage yields, colours, melting points and elemental analyses like chloride ions and Sulphur inform of sulphate and spectroscopic analyses like Uv – visible spectrophotometer scan through 200 – 800nm and infra-red spectrophotometer ranging between 300 – 3800cm-1. The results of metal complexes showed that they were pure and the percentage yields were moderately high and reproducible. UV-Visible spectroscopic studies revealed a change transfer bond which involves an electron promotion into an empty ligand orbital (metal to ligand charge transfer) from a metal-based orbital. Infra – red spectrophotometer results presumed the coordination sites of the complexes were probably from nitrogen of NH2 group and carboxylate ions of the carboxylic acid. The metal complexes were screened against some bacteria: Escherichia coli, Staphyococcusaureus, Shigelladysentriae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhii and fungi were Phythophthoria.megacourier, Fusariumvasinfactum and Chrysanthemum nigrumn. The results of antimicrobial studies alongside with the ligands and complexes formed, attested that metal complexes were extra proactive than the parent ligands used.

Keyword: Amino acid, metal complexes, antimicrobial and spectroscopic analysis.

Akshath S.K 1 , Ajit R 2, Amogh M.P 3, Bharatraj DG 4, and Nandhini Vineeth 5

ABSTRACT: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) help in the improvement of the overall travelling experience. They aid and assist the driver with the help of communication between the vehicles, providing high safety and being cost effective as well. One of the advantages of using these technologies is that they offer services to communicate between vehicles even without internet, unlike other traditional methods which use the internet extensively. We use these concepts of VANETs and ITS to provide a better solution to an emergency situation such as an accident. The work aims at notifying an ambulance, in case of an accident in the least possible time, using the vehicles in the way and ensuring that the ambulance reaches the accident spot in the least possible time through the shortest route. The ambulance can take the least possible time by notifying the vehicles on the shortest path of its arrival in an attempt to make way for the ambulance. The key parameter of interest in this work is the reduction of the end to end delay and to provide better results considering the existing standards.

Keyword: ITS - Intelligent Transport Systems, Routing Protocols AODV, VANETs - Vehicular Adhoc Networks, Image Recognition, Ambulance

Okoye Obiageli Ifeyinwa 1 ,Owoh Ngozi Priscilla 1 , Isife Chima Theresa 2 & Onyeke Nkechi Georgina 1

ABSTRACT: The general objective of this paper was to examine the association between pre-school children's cognitive performance and their mothers' socio-economic characteristics in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Specifically the study was to determine socio-demographic/economic characteristics of mothers of the children, cognitive performance of preschool children aged 3-5 years in Nsukka rural and urban areas, association between mothers' occupation, income level and educational attainment on children's cognitive performance of children studied. Four hundred children (3-5) year old segregated into equal urban and rural sub samples,were studied. A structured questionnaire captured information on socio demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents. Ziler's "Draw- a -person-test" was used to capture cognitive performance of the children. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and the SPSS computer software were used for data analysis. Findings showed a strong association between location and cognitive performance. There were significant associations between mothers' education, income and children's cognitive performance in the rural (P=0.027) and urban (P=0.029) areas. There was a significant difference(P<0.05)'between mothers occupation and children's cognitive performance in the rural area. Cognitive test score appeared to be a strong function of income with significant differences in both locations. In conclusion, investing in female education will improve the cognitive performance and standard of living of children.

Keyword: : Socio-Economic Status, Mothers, Cognitive Performance, Preschool Children, rural, urban, location

1 Ogunlade, Simeon. O (PhD)., 2 Oyedotun Timileyin. A., 3 Abdulraheem Fatai, G., 4 Olayiwola Amos.A.

ABSTRACT: Floods take the largest number of human lives and cause the most property damage among direct natural disasters that occurs in the world. It is a point of concern that the major environmental problems associated with the resident state of the study area is flooding which has led to loss of lives and properties worth millions of naira yearly as well as distortion of socio-economic activities in the environment. The aim of this study is to carry out the geospatial assessment of flood prone areas in Ilorin South Local Government Area Kwara state Nigeria, with the view of proffering flood hazard control and management.Thedata sets of the study area used for this research are Global Positioning System (GPS) ground coordinates, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission(SRTM), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data of 30 meter resolution, obtained from USGS website on which hydrologic analysis was performed to produce drainage pattern and density data of the study area;2021 Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) image (30m resolution) from USGS database. The software used for the study is ArcMap 10.2 software and Microsoft Excel. The acquaired Ground coordinates were arranged in Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and processed in ArcGIS 10.2 software environment. Drainage density and slope were processed from the SRTM and DEM, while the study area clipped from the Landsat 8 image was subjected to maximum likelihood classifier algorithm of supervised classification to generate the landcover classes. False color combination, band 5, 4, 3, was composited and the bands were stacked for image classification operation. The maps of these factors were produced and analyse for the proneness of the study area. The result of the research revealed twelve places in the study area are prone to flooding. These are places of low elevationof less that 271m above mean sea level, located along the water channel and of gentle slopes between 0°-5°. The research finding is recommended to be adopted for a sustainable flood control and management in the study area, and as a stimulant to flood-prone study of other areas, while the government and concerned authority should adopt the research to provide necessary measure to avoid, ameliorate and manage flood occurrence in the Study area.

Keyword:Area, Environment, Flood, Proneness, Research,

Hindowa batilo Momoh

ABSTRACT: This article attempts to critically examine the effectiveness of the electoral dispute resolution mechanism unfolding in Sierra Leone's nascent democratisation process. The idea of EDRM as a conflict resolution mechanism as opposed to resorting to violence remains key in the democratization process unraveling in Sierra Leone. The fact that there exist mechanisms for dispute management system through which aggrieved parties choose the law as their arbiter enhances the institutionalisation of the rule of law and constitutionalism culminating in sustainable peace. However, there have been misgivings about the outcome of judicial adjudication and effectiveness of some of these electoral disputes. Electoral disputes are not always resolved expeditiously and courts’ decisions on such matters are sometimes overtaken by events. There is also the perception of judicial bias in some cases. More importantly, the plethora of election petitions put a lot of strain on the judiciary characterized by a multiplicity of challenges. This article concludes that for EDRM to be an effective tool, electoral petitions/disputes should be expeditiously resolved by making the process more accountable, transparent, fair, accessible, lawful, independent and impartial.

Keyword:election dispute, election dispute resolution, democratization, electoral fraud, petitions, and election management

EZE PROMISE I, AND EKE, STANLEY N.

ABSTRACT: This study is on epochal assessment and prediction of trends in urban expansion on power line Right of Way (ROW) in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria. The ROW under study stretches from Choba, through Alakahia, Rumuosi, Rumuekini, Rumuagholu to Rukpoku communities of Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State of Nigeria. This research work was carried out using ground truth survey and remote sensing techniques. Coordinates of Electric Power Pylons position of the study area were obtained from the Department of Surveying and Geomatics, Rivers State University, Nkporlu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt. Ground coordinates of some identifiable points on the satellite imageries of the study area were obtained with the use of Garmin 78s Global Positioning System receiver and was used to geo-reference the satellite images for three epochs of 2008, 2013 and 2018 respectively using Arc-GIS 10.1 software and ground positions of the Electric Power Pylon were obtained by vectorization. Thereafter, ROW buffer of 30 meters were created and buildings and undeveloped parcels within buffer zone were clearly identified and digitized, shape length and shape area of built-up for each epoch was computed. Empirical analysis shows that the total number of 86, 268, and 498 buildings were on buffer zone for epochs of 2008, 2014 and 2020 respectively making them vulnerable to the hazards of high voltage electric incidents. The research findings revealed that the total length and area of ROW under study for 30m buffer are 13km, 76.84ha respectively. A total built-up area of 1.38ha, 5.94ha and 12.47ha were recorded for epoch of 2008, 2014 and 2020 respectively with a corresponding percentage encroachment of 1.79%, 7.72% and 16.23%. Linear regression model for trend estimation in times series was used to predict the amount of encroachments for a period of 30 years. A predicted area of 17.59ha, 23.09ha, 28.59ha, 34.09, and 39.59 will be encroached by built-up in the year 2026, 2032, 2038, 2044 and 2050 for ROW buffer of 30m if no action is taking by relevant authorities to forestall further encroachments. The ground truth survey also shows that there is persistence building encroachment and business activities in all directions of the ROW. The study recommends immediate removal of structures on the Power line ROW.

Keyword: Epochal, Encroachment, Prediction, Pylon.

1 Ritha Safithri, 2 Made Antara, 2 Christian Tindjabate, 2 Haslinda B. Anriani

ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine gender relations in the implementation of the function of the member of the Regional Legislative Council of Central Sulawesi Province. This study used a qualitative method and the informants were determined using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Then, the data were analyzed through some stages of analysis including editing of data, categorizing data, interpreting the meaning of the data, and formulating conclusions and recommendations. The results of the study on gender relations in the implementation of the function of the member of the Regional Legislative Council of Central Sulawesi Province is not optimum as the position of the female and male members in the distribution of resources and responsibilities, benefits, rights, and powers in the legislative is not dialectically caused by the inequality of gender power relations, women's political capacity, and low opportunity to take roles.

Keyword: gender, participation, parliament, politics, relations.

Jean Francois Wounba 1, Steffel Ludivin Feudjio Tezong 2*, Morrelle Madom De Tamo 3, Pollack Ferguson Nono Tchaya 4 and Ulrich Cabrel Tokam Tingang 5

ABSTRACT: This paper explored the smart city concept in Cameroon. Its origin, characterization, some examples of smart cities and Africa's situation were highlighted; then, Cameroon's capitals smartness were assessed. A city is smart when it uses ICTs to meet its citizen's needs. The concept appeared in 1990 under the denomination 'virtual city' before becoming what is known today. Several northern cities such as Amsterdam are already labelled smart. In Africa, initiatives are mainly taken under the impetus of Rwanda but there is a willingness of each country to transform its cities according to its understanding. Yaounde's smartness evaluation gave a score of 17.3/100 and the IESE Business School ranks Douala 170th on 174 cities with a score of 17.03/100 which implies they cannot be considered as smart. To transform Cameroonian cities into smart cities, a vision is necessary from the achievement's consolidation to the implementation of a Smart Cities Master Plan.

Keyword: Smart city, Cameroon, Yaounde.

Yustina 1 , Sri Wulandari 2, Oky Priawan 3

ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the growth rate and feed conversion of catfish (Pangasius sp.) fed a mixture of powdered and fermented cabbage and mustard greens waste. The catfish used with an initial weight of 3-5 g are stocked in as many as five fish per container box. Feeding is three times a day with a feeding rate of 5% for 56 days of cultivation. This study used a randomized block design (RBD). There were five treatments, and each treatment was repeated three times. The artificial feed was tried with a mixture of fermented mustard greens and cabbage waste flour (FMCWF) with different percentages: Treatment P0 (feed manufacturer MatahariSakti brand), P1 (FMCWF 15%), P2 (FMCWF 30%), P3 (FMCWF 45) %), and P4 (FMCWF 60%). The test parameters are absolute weight growth, feed conversion ratio, and water quality. Based on the ANOVA test (analysis of variances), the results showed that the mixture of fermented mustard greens and cabbage waste flour had a significant effect (p <0.05) on the growth rate of catfish. The P2 treatment (FMCWF 30%) produced catfish best growth based on the growth parameters of the absolute weight of 8.11 g and the feed conversion ratio of 1.5.

Keyword: Fermentation, Catfish, Mustard greens and Cabbage Waste, Growth

Shambel Aseffa

ABSTRACT: The overallaim to write this paper on opportunity and challenges for coffee production in Ethiopia is that Ethiopia is the birth place of coffee and it discovered earlier in the world. The Oromo’s in Ethiopia were consuming coffee centuries before the Kaldi legend, and have their own legend of its discovery. Today, coffee is both a part of our social experiences as well as an accepted norm for doing business. Economically, coffee is the second most exported commodity after oil, and employs over 100 million people worldwide. As the county of origin for the crop, Ethiopia produces premium quality coffee. It is the leading producer in Africa, and the 5th in the world, following Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and Indonesia. If we consider Arabica alone, Ethiopia is the 3rd largest producer after Brazil and Colombia. Ethiopia has enormous potential to increase coffee production as it is gifted with suitable elevation, temperature, soil fertility, indigenous quality planting materials, and adequate rainfall in coffee growing belts of the nation.Despite the wealth of ecological advantages and coffee diversities, the national average coffee yield level is low by the world standard. This could be attributed to several factors, including climatic variation inappropriate agronomic practice, predominant use of unimproved local coffee landraces, as well as conventional husbandry and processing practices and price fluctuation, which seriously hampers the overall national coffee production and productivity of the smallholder farmer in the country.Areas that are currently suitable for Arabica coffee need adaptation and mitigation tactics in order to withstand the livelihood of farmers depending on Arabica coffee production.

Keyword: Opportunity, challenges and Coffee production.